347

Question 13.10

Generally speaking, you first need a light driveable domain. For this, look for BLUF (blue

light sensitive) or LOV (light operate voltage channel) domains. If you add such a domain,

the protein suddenly becomes driveable by light with matching wavelength, in particular

it becomes active only when this light wavelength hits, but stops otherwise.

20.14 We Can Think About Ourselves – The Computer Cannot

Question 14.1

Gödel’s theorem states that in any complete mathematical system it is possible to formu­

late statements that the system cannot decide. Systems in which such statements do not

occur, on the other hand, are incomplete. A very nice derivation is given by Douglas

R. Hofstadter in his classic book “Gödel-Escher-Bach.”

Question 14.2

All general computable problems can be reproduced with the help of the Turing machine.

All non-Turing-computable problems cannot be solved by computers and remain tasks

for humans.

Question 14.3

Test for artificial intelligence: Human and computer are hidden behind a cloth, and outside

people are now supposed to guess who is who. If the computer can fool the humans, then

it has passed the Babbage test and possesses artificial intelligence.

Question 14.4

Get to know neuronal network:

(a) TMHMM (https://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM/) is already explained in

Chap. 11 and Sect. 20.11, respectively.

(b) The ELM server (https://elm.eu.org) has also already been explained in Chap. 11

and Sect. 20.11, respectively.

(c) PredictProtein secondary structure prediction uses neural networks.

Prof. Burkhard Rost has spent years working on neuronal networks and secondary struc­

ture predictions of proteins. Protein sequences are simply read into the server. A neural

network then predicts whether the amino acids are able to form a helix, a second predicts

the ability to form beta strands and a third predicts whether a loop region is present. A

fourth neural network is trained to decide how best to make an overall prediction from

20.14  We Can Think About Ourselves – The Computer Cannot